2/28/2024 0 Comments Non reactivity of kaolinite clay![]() The nature of illitic reservoirs is such (major permeability problems) that any damage is serious. The findings indicated that illitic reservoirs in general are less susceptible to chemical damage than most others. Overall, illites were the least reactive of the clays. Dissolution was more or less stoichiome tric in acid solutions but alkalis peferentially leach silicon. Smectite (dioctahedral) was rather more acid sensitive than either illite or illite smectite (IS) clays although both illites and IS clays were rather more sensitive to acids than to alkalis. All acid treatments are potentially damaging where chlorites are concerned. Flow experiments confirm great reactivity. In acid solutions aluminium is preferentially dissolved (nonstoichiometric dissolution) which means that a potentially reactive silica rich residue must remain. Data demonstrated more than 40% dissolution after only 2 days at 80 C. Batch experiments demonstrated the extreme reactivity of chlorites: greatly so in acids but also in alkaline solutions. Partial dissolution of kaolinite will tend to dislodge pore lining material and exacerbate fines migration and dilution or modification of fluids within the reservoir might lead to precipitation of gels or authigenic crystalline precipitates thus exacerbating reservoir scaling problems. Hence, high alkalinity water based drilling muds (WBM) and alkaline slugs used in some enhanced oil recovery (EOR) procedures will both selectively dissolve kaolinite and add silicon and aluminium solutes to pore fluids. Flow experiments confirmed that kaolinite is particularly reactive in alkaline solutions and moreso than other clays. Congruent dissolution was observed substantial solution concentrations of silicon hydroxide ions and aluminium hydroxide ions were indicated. Kaolinite proved to be very soluble in alkali runs. Chemical reactions between large range of naturally occurring reservoir clays and an equally wide range of actual (or potential) components of fluids used in drilling and production operations were evaluated and the type of formation damage most likely to occur as a result of specific chemical reactions was documented in order to develop a series of guidelines which can be used in the design of drilling and production procedures for use in specific reservoirs. In: Proceedings of the high performance fillers conference, Cologne, March 2006, Paper 3, Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, 2003.THE AIM OF THIS PROJECT IS TO DEVELOP A SERIES OF GUIDELINES WHICH CAN BE USED IN DESIGNING PRODUCTION PROCEDURES FOR USE IN SPECIFIC RESERVOIRS IN ORDER TO MINIMIZE FORMATION DAMAGE DUE TO CLAY REACTIONS WITH THE FLUIDS USED IN TERTIARY OIL PRODUCTION. Whiteman D (2006), TiO 2 extension in polymers by opacifying calcined clays. Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, pp 303–355. In: Rothon RN (ed) Particulate-filled polymer composites, 2nd edn. Skelhorn (2003) Chapter 7, Particulate fillers in elastomers. Newman ACD (1987) Chemistry of clays and clay minerals. Jepson WB (1984) A comprehensive brief review of kaolin, its occurrence, properties and production. Rapra Technology Limited, Shawbury, pp 61–69. In: Rothon RN (ed) Participate-filled polymer composites, 2nd edn. Hancock M (2003) Chapter 2, Principal types of particulate fillers. In: Xanthos M (ed) Functional fillers for plastics, 2nd edn. ![]() KeywordsĪgra-Gutierrez C, Goodman H, Ansari DM, Imerys Minerals Limited (2009) Opacified polymer composition. Common elastomer applications include chemical liners, bicycle tires, conveyor belts, shoe soles, gaskets, and flooring. Depending on particle size, it can be used as a semi-reinforcing filler (hard clay) or a non-reinforcing filler (soft clay). On the other hand, china clay is a widely used white filler in the rubber industry. Many of the problems are overcome by calcination, and calcined forms are more widely used for these polymers. The water of crystallization is also an issue for water-sensitive polymers such as nylon and thermoplastic polyesters, as it can be released during processing. This is due to a number of factors, such as poor color and heat aging, especially in polypropylene. The china clays themselves have limited application in thermoplastic and thermoset applications. While there are a large number of clay materials, the main ones used in polymers are based on the mineral kaolinite and are often referred to as kaolin or china clay. Clays of various sorts are widely available throughout the world and have been used in polymer composites, especially those based on elastomers, since the early days of their industrial application.
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